Is Music Haram? What Islam Really Says About Listening to Music
• December 2, 2025
In Islamic discourse, few topics have generated as much ongoing debate as music. Across centuries and cultures, the question, “Is music haram in Islam?” has sparked scholarly discussions, spiritual reflection, and diverse interpretations rooted in religious texts and lived experiences.
While some believe all forms of music are categorically haram (forbidden), others argue its permissibility depends on content, context, and intent.
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of what the Qur’an, hadith, and Islamic scholars really say about listening to music, especially within the Sunni and Hanafi frameworks.
Drawing from classical and contemporary sources, it aims to clarify a topic often oversimplified in popular opinion.
What Does the Qur’an Say About Listening to Music?
One of the most commonly cited arguments for music being haram is the interpretation of certain Qur’anic verses. However, the Qur’an does not explicitly forbid music in direct terms.
Qur’anic Verses Often Referenced
One verse frequently used in this context is from Surah Luqman (31:6):
“Among them, there are those who purchase idle talk to mislead others from the path of Allah without knowledge and take it in ridicule. For such, there will be a humiliating punishment.”
Some scholars interpret the term “idle talk” as referring to music and singing, suggesting that it leads listeners away from spiritual reflection.
Others, however, argue that “idle talk” refers more broadly to any form of frivolous or sinful speech, which could include gossip, falsehoods, or anything that distracts from religious duties, not necessarily music.
Interpretative Differences (Tafseer)
There is notable variation in tafseer (Qur’anic exegesis):
- Al-Hasan al-Basri interpreted this verse to be about singing and musical instruments.
- Al-Sa’di, however, extended it to include all idle, false, or corrupt speech—not solely music.
- Dr. Zakir Naik has stated that although no verse in the Qur’an directly prohibits music, certain interpretations link “idle talk” to music that encourages immoral acts.
Ultimately, the Qur’an alone cannot provide a conclusive answer, and deeper insights must be drawn from hadith literature and scholarly interpretations.
What Do Hadith Say About Music and Musical Instruments?
Hadith literature forms the core of Islamic jurisprudence concerning music. Several narrations provide insights into how music was perceived during the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) time.
Hadith Often Cited to Prohibit Music
One of the most referenced hadiths is narrated by Al-Bukhari:
“Among my Ummah, there will be people who consider as permissible adultery, silk, alcohol and musical instruments…”
(Sahih al-Bukhari)
This narration links musical instruments with clearly haram items like alcohol and adultery, which has led some scholars to interpret it as a strong indication of prohibition. Additionally, some scholars argue that music cultivates hypocrisy, citing weaker hadith such as “Singing sprouts hypocrisy in the heart as rain sprouts plants.”
Hadith Allowing Music in Certain Contexts
On the other hand, other hadiths show tolerance for music under specific circumstances: Aisha (RA) reported that two young girls were singing during Eid, and when Abu Bakr objected, the Prophet (PBUH) said:
“Leave them, Abu Bakr, for every nation has an Eid, and this is our Eid.”
(Sahih Bukhari)
This indicates that not all music or singing was viewed as haram, especially during religious or festive occasions.
Is Music Haram in Sunni Islam and Among the Hanafi School?
The Sunni tradition, representing the majority of Muslims worldwide, does not hold a monolithic view on music. Opinions vary between strict prohibition and conditional permissibility.
| School of Thought | General Position on Music | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hanafi | Conditionally permissible | Based on intention, content, and context |
| Shafi’i | Generally discouraged | Especially if linked to immoral acts |
| Maliki | Largely permissible | As long as it doesn't lead to sin |
| Hanbali | Largely prohibited | Particularly instrumental music |
The Hanafi school, which is predominant in South Asia, is more lenient than others. Scholars within this tradition have acknowledged the legality of certain forms of music when they are free from haram content or do not distract from religious obligations.
Is There a Punishment for Listening to Music in Islam?
Islamic jurisprudence does not universally prescribe a specific worldly punishment for listening to music. Unlike actions such as theft or adultery, music is not accompanied by hadd (fixed punishments) in Sharia law.
Most scholars who consider music haram emphasise spiritual consequences over legal ones:
- Spiritual detachment: Music that distracts from worship or remembrance of Allah may weaken one’s faith.
- Loss of modesty: Some argue that music can lead to inappropriate behaviour or a decline in moral conduct.
It’s also important to distinguish between legal rulings (fatwas) and social enforcement. In some regions under strict interpretation, listening to music might be socially penalised, but this varies by culture and governance.
What Are the Arguments for Music Being Haram?
Scholars who view music as haram often support their position through a combination of textual evidence and moral reasoning.
Their concerns are not limited to instruments or sound, but to music’s capacity to influence thoughts, behaviour, and spirituality in potentially negative ways.
- Association with immorality: Many genres promote behaviour contrary to Islamic teachings, sexual content, substance abuse, or rebellion.
- Distraction from worship: If music leads to neglecting prayers or fasting, it is considered sinful.
- Cultural influence: Western musical culture is often criticised for undermining Islamic values.
Summary of Key Concerns:
- Promotes sinful thoughts or actions
- Used in settings with other haram elements (e.g., clubs, drinking)
- Creates emotional addiction and weakens resolve in worship
- Replaces Qur’anic recitation in the heart
These perspectives aim to preserve the spiritual well-being of the believer by minimising exposure to potentially harmful influences.
When and Why Is Music Considered Halal by Some Scholars?
Not all Islamic scholars agree with a blanket prohibition on music. Many assert that music can be halal under specific conditions, especially when it aligns with Islamic ethics and serves constructive purposes. This opinion has been supported by scholars such as Imam Al-Ghazali and Yusuf Al-Qaradawi.
The permissibility often hinges on the lyrics, intent, and usage. For example, music that praises Allah, promotes moral values, or is used in appropriate social contexts (like weddings or Eid) is not seen as objectionable.
Acceptable music often includes:
- Nasheeds: Islamic vocal songs that focus on themes like peace, piety, or historical events
- Drumming: Instruments like the daf and tambourine used during celebrations
- Children’s educational songs: Music that helps young Muslims learn about their faith
Music that enhances worship or reflects Islamic teachings without encouraging sin is generally not classified as haram by this group of scholars.
How Do Islamic Scholars Like Dr. Zakir Naik and Imam Al-Ghazali Interpret Music in Islam?
Both classical and contemporary scholars offer critical insights into the complex question of music’s status in Islam. While differing in tone and emphasis, their views underscore that not all music is equal, and context matters significantly.
Scholarly Positions on Music:
| Scholar | Verdict | Supporting Arguments |
|---|---|---|
| Imam Al-Ghazali | Permissible | Emphasised spiritual benefits and enjoyment without sin |
| Dr. Zakir Naik | Conditional | No Qur’anic ban; only specific instruments like daf allowed |
| Ibn Hazm | Permissible | Dismissed hadith prohibiting music as weak or fabricated |
| Yusuf Al-Qaradawi | Contextual | Music must not incite sin or conflict with Islamic values |
Dr. Naik often highlights that intent and lyrics define whether music is halal or haram, while Imam Al-Ghazali leaned more towards spiritual enrichment and emotional well-being as valid reasons for listening to music.
These scholars do not ignore the risks, but they urge balanced, educated judgement instead of extreme prohibitions.
Is All Music Considered Haram in Modern Islamic Thought?
Modern Islamic thought, influenced by globalisation, technology, and a younger generation of Muslims, increasingly promotes a more nuanced and situational view of music. Instead of treating all music as haram, many scholars advocate evaluating each case based on Sharia-compliant guidelines.
This shift acknowledges that:
- Not all music leads to sinful behaviour.
- Music can be educational, spiritual, or emotionally healing.
- The impact of music varies greatly by individual.
Many Islamic thinkers now promote ethical listening, where believers assess the music’s influence on their character and faith. This includes avoiding music with vulgar lyrics, provocative dance elements, or distracting rhythms that overpower one’s commitment to religious duties.
In this sense, music is not inherently haram, but its use and effect must be examined thoughtfully and consciously.
Is Music Haram During Ramadan or Religious Observances?
During Ramadan, Muslims focus on worship, reflection, and spiritual discipline. Music is not explicitly forbidden during this month, but believers are encouraged to avoid anything that may distract from fasting, prayer, or mindfulness.
Guidance from resources like “A Beginner’s Guide to Ramadan” in Dubai notes that listening to music through headphones is generally acceptable, while playing loud music in public is discouraged out of respect for those who are fasting.
Some scholars take a stricter approach, advising Muslims to limit entertainment that could weaken spiritual focus.
Ultimately, the ruling depends on intention, the type of music, and whether it affects one’s worship. As always, context and personal responsibility remain essential during Ramadan.
Final Thoughts
In conclusion, whether music is haram in Islam is a nuanced and deeply debated issue among scholars, rooted in varying interpretations of the Qur’an and Hadith.
While some uphold strict prohibitions, others advocate for context-based permissibility. The key lies in the content, intent, and effect of the music on the listener’s spiritual life.
Islam encourages mindfulness in all actions, and music is no exception. Ultimately, individuals are urged to seek guidance, reflect sincerely, and choose paths that strengthen their faith and uphold Islamic values.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can Muslims listen to instrumental music without lyrics?
It depends on the school of thought. Some scholars permit it if it does not lead to sinful behaviour, while others equate instruments with haram indulgences.
What types of music are allowed in Islamic weddings?
Drumming (like the daf) and nasheeds are widely accepted. Music must remain modest and respectful of Islamic values.
Do Shia scholars have a different view on music than Sunni scholars?
Yes. Some Shia authorities are more conservative and prohibit all forms of music, while others allow limited forms, especially in devotional settings.
Is listening to music while working or exercising considered sinful in Islam?
If the music is clean and doesn’t distract from religious obligations, many scholars do not consider it sinful. However, content matters.
How do Sufi Muslims incorporate music into worship?
Sufi traditions use music in spiritual gatherings, such as Qawwali, to connect with the divine. This practice has deep historical roots.
Are there halal alternatives to mainstream music for Muslims?
Yes. Nasheeds, a cappella performances, and spoken word poetry are popular among Muslims seeking spiritually uplifting content.
Has any country officially banned music under Islamic law?
Afghanistan under Taliban rule and Iran post-revolution implemented music bans. These were often based on local interpretations rather than universal Islamic rulings.
